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Quantum computing leverages the principles of quantum mechanics, which is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels. Unlike classical computing, which uses bits as the smallest unit of information (0s and 1s), quantum computing uses quantum bits, or qubits. Qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to the property of superposition, allowing quantum computers to perform complex calculations at unprecedented speeds.

Another fundamental principle of quantum mechanics used in quantum computing is entanglement, where qubits become interconnected in such a way that the state of one qubit can instantaneously influence the state of another, regardless of the distance separating them. This property enhances the potential for quantum computers to solve problems more efficiently than classical computers, particularly in fields like cryptography, optimization, and simulation of quantum systems.

In contrast, classical mechanics, relativity theory, and Newtonian physics are frameworks that describe the behavior of macroscopic physical systems but do not apply to the quantum level where quantum mechanics governs the behavior of particles. Thus, the unique qualities of quantum mechanics are essential for the operation and advantages of quantum computing.